Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. He did not make the Juniors side however. A winger and crowd favourite, played for Manawatu until the 1979 season. Called into the injury hit All Black tour party in South Africa, two days after Manawatu's historic Ranfurly Shield win at Eden Park, in 1976. His passing, switching of play and tactical appreciation was greatly admired. Below is a list of all Competitions Manawatu have competed in, listed in reverse chronological order for modern day relevancy. Steppenwolf - Skullduggery (1976)/08 - Lip Service.mp3 13.3 MB Steppenwolf - Hour Of The Wolf (1975)/04 - Just for Tonight.mp3 NZ Rugby Museum Doug Rollerson celebrates after Manawatu won the Ranfurly Shield for the first time against Auckland in 1976. The Manawatu Turbos squad for the 2022 Bunnings NPC:[2], Manawatu have been overall Champions on one occasion, winning the title in 1980. It includes several current and former All Blacks, including Nehe Milner-Skudder, Brett Cameron and Aaron Smith. He played for South Canterbury-Mid-Canterbury and North Otago in 1965, when beaten 13-28 in Timaru by the Boks, with Janie Engelbrecht of the Western Province running in three tries. HAWKES BAY 11, MANAWATU 6 (Half-time: 11 3), For Hawkes Bay: Dave Bone T, Ian MacRae T. Ian Bishop, C & 2P. June 29, 2022; creative careers quiz; ken thompson net worth unix Myles Reddy had taken a couple of tight heads off his opposite, Brian Kitchen and had played a fiery game at the front of the line out. There are no games scheduled for this week. Having finished as runners-up in the inaugural National Provincial Championship (NPC) in 1976, the green and whites claimed their first title in 1980 and came second again in 1981. The open game - not all that evident during the first defence - had not been forgotten, but it was not going to be played simply for the sake of it. Hawkeye Junior missed the inaugural shield parade, with his official hatching still a few hours away. Thousands turned out as the Napier City Band, Hawkeye, Hawkettes and the mighty bird herself led the parade down crowd-lined Emerson Street. In 1996 entered a partnership with Hawkes Bay to play as the Central Vikings, but the joint venure would last just two years before the unions reverted to playing individually. Home F1; Calendar 2022; Drivers standings; Scuba Certification; Private Scuba Lessons; Scuba Refresher for Certified Divers; Try Scuba Diving; Enriched Air Diver (Nitrox) Doug Curtis had a fine game. Slowly the Bay clawed their way back into the game, although it would take twenty minutes before they were able to post their first points in defence of the shield, an Ian Bishop penalty goal from right out in front. var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; The day was generally incident free. Rugby first appeared in our region in 1878 when clubs were set up in Feilding and Palmerston North. In the final minutes he scored a long range penalty, a dropped goal and a sideline conversion to lead the 'Boks home to a flattering 3119 victory. Two penalties to Kevin Briscoe saw Taranaki lead 6-0 at half-time, the sole points of the second spell being a dropped goal to Jimmy Taitoko, the Maori All Black regarded as somewhat of a modern day George Nepia. Following the unions establishment many other clubs were formed as the sport became more popular. Under the coaching of Graham Hamer, they won the Ranfurly Shield in 1976 beating Auckland 12-10. Copyright 2020 Manawatu Rugby Union, The Manawat Rugby Union is proud to confirm Mike Rogers as the Turbos' new head coach. It was the first time on tour that New Zealanders had seen in the flesh, the young Springbok captain, Dawie de Villiers and the half-back did not disappoint. Counties Manukau Manawatu skre iv (a online pm penos) zan 10. For the Manawatu Rugby governing body, see, Manawatu (National Provincial Championship). [citation needed]. Copyright 2020 Manawatu Rugby Union. Apart from 1900 and 1901 when the union went into recess and the the World War I affected seasons of 1915 and 1916, a Manawat team has played every year since. Strahan was born in Palmerston North on Christmas Day, 1944 and had attended Huntley Preparatory School in Marton before furthering his education at Wanganui Collegiate, where he was in the 1st XV in 1961. The Fielding club played a significant role in establishing the game in the province. 2006 onwards - return to the first division. In this period Manawatu consistently beat teams such as Otago, Auckland, Wellington and Canterbury. This play was instrumental in setting up Alan Hewson's famous last-minute penalty goal.[1]. what picture did nasa take on february 14 2009. VACANCY: Game Development and Operations Manager. Spotting the Manawatu winger, Rex Kitchen, out of position, Hepa Paewai ran the blind to the left and from outside the 25, kicked ahead toward the Manawatu goal line. Players such as Mark Allen, Christian Cullen, Mark Ranby, Stephen Bachop and Roger Randle featured in the team. Locally Developed, Built and Hosted by Trio Technology. However, in 1997, he moved to Manawatu, where he captained the Manawatu/Hawkes Bay Central Vikings. In 2012, Manawatu scored its first victory away to North Harbor. Quite the same Wikipedia. However, the referee, Bill Adlam, from Wanganui, played 56 minutes of 'injury' time before awarding the visitors a penalty, due to an offside, close to the posts. It was no surprise then at seasons end when he was selected to tour the Northern Hemisphere, where his rugby allegedly improved with every outing. The Rugby Championship; IRB World Rankings; General Links. His younger brother, 20 year old Rex was first selected for Manawatu earlier in the 1967 season his second season of senior rugby and was opined toward having a bright future, noted for his speed and elusiveness. Secker was born in London in 1861 and immigrated to New Zealand as a 20 year, settling originally in Bulls. For the first and last time of the entire shield campaign of, The Hankins Shield presented each year to the winner of the Manawatu senior club competition is believed to be the oldest prize awarded at senior level in New Zealand rugby. Manawatu Rugby Union. Upon the teams return to New Zealand, he played in a match against a Wellington XV on March 25th, won by the Universities by 27-3, scoring one of his sides six tries. Widely regarded as the first match ever played in the Manawatu, Fielding FC hosted a Rangitikei combined clubs XV on July 13, 1878. Head to the Manawat Community Rugby website, Rogers next on successful McMillan coaching tree, Manawat Turbos & Cyclones (@ManawatuRugby). Manawatu Rugby Union. Wins for the Cyclones were over Waikato, Wellington and Hawke's Bay. Owen Gleeson (1970-74) Graham Hamer: . At centre, was school teacher, Lindsay Meads. There was some controversy in 1977 when the Auckland rugby union had a request for a shield challenge that season denied by Manawatu who argued that Auckland had had 'too much influence in shield rugby for too long'. Identification Object type Image Digitisation ID The 22 year old was a most promising flank forward, but his ability to also cover No.8 and lock earned him a spot as the latter for New Zealand Universities against Japan (25-16, Wellington). Manawatu drew with Hawke's Bay. Don McCaskie duly brought up his 100 games for Manawatu, the first player to do so in the unions history. A chiropractor by trade, he ironically suffered from a 'bad back' which limited his appearances on his one and only All Black tour: the victorious Grand Slam of 1978. A fishmonger who died in 1919 aged 38. The upshot was that the Hawkeye egg produced Hawkeye Junior none other than Napier rugby enthusiast, Graham Nicholson a man-sized cheerleader, an itinerant replica of the huge mascot, who delighted the crowd with his ground side capers. Debuted at aged 31. An integral part of the 1980 NPC winning side. Kevin Nesdale usurped brother Geralds record of 44 straight appearances in Manawatus match with Wanganui (19-3, Palmerston North) in 1967. Injury prevented Hemara from making his much deserved test debut and Sean Fitzpatrick took his place. After such a nervous and tentative start with the log, the players and Le Quesne decided that for the remainder a far more relaxed approach toward the shield matches was warranted. Although in some considerable pain and feeling giddy, Manawatu captain, Ron Horsley, implored Nesdale to stay on his feet and finish the match. Since then, the team has won the overall championship on one occasion, in 1980. In 2011, a resurgent Manawatu Turbos side defeated the Wellington Lions 3125 in Wellington. From. We were too tight and too bound up in itself. The team is also affiliated with the Hurricanes Super Rugby Pacific franchise. Afterward in the showers, Nesdale was massaging his wounded stomach, only to have Lochore add; That wont come off you know KJ!. The 1997 season saw them finish second overall with 6 wins and 2 losses. In 2012, Aaron Smith was selected in the All Blacks after fine performances with Manawatu and the Highlanders. Shot to stardom at the 1996 Hong Kong Sevens. There have been 10 Black Ferns from the region including legandary Black Ferns skipper Farah Palmer, tryscoring star Selica Winiata and long-time New Zealand Sevens captain Sarah Hirini. It was Manawatu's first competition win over Wellington in the capital, after 124 years of trying. Hawkes Bay led by 6-3. manawatu rugby team 1976. The match was played in Wellington (Hawkes Bay had played and drawn 0-0 with Wellington on June 18) and it is presumed that the game was played there to facilitate . The faithful had been greatly discouraged by this performance however and it was generally agreed by players, administrators and supporters; the sooner the Bay returned to their natural game, the better! The Manawatu Rugby Football Union (MRU) is the governing body of the sport of rugby union in the Manawat-Whanganui region of New Zealand. As the season progressed, others would queue for up to three days in advance of this time, just to get their hands on them. Second rower whose career was ended by back problems. This saw the team into the semi-finals. The following season he transferred to Manawatu (along with Ron de Cleene, who had arrived from Wellington) adding experience, weight and strength to the Manawatu scrum. Manawatu had two theme songs during their 'glory' years, which were played on radio '2ZA' in the days leading up to the big games on Saturday. In 1967, Manawatu were one of 17 unions throughout the country to have never held the Ranfurly Shield (Counties, Thames Valley, Bay of Plenty, East Coast, Poverty Bay, King Country, Wanganui, Horowhenua, Bush, Golden Bay-Motueka, Nelson, Marlborough, Mid-Canterbury, West Coast, Buller and North Otago being the others). Another to wear the All Black jersey in 1968 was, Mick OCallaghan. Ian Bishop failed to convert from a wide angle. McKenzie was one of the All Black selectors for that tour and it is hard to understand how Ingram didnt gain a berth, with Newspaper reports the nation over throughout the 1948 season seeming to endorse him as possibly even the countries number one scrum half, widely considered of all the candidates as simply the best passer of the football. Switched codes to Rugby league in 1925 and represented the Kiwis. Another lesson learned by Le Quesne that he would always endorse following the Manawatu match was to always play fit players. Stensness looked to have a long and distinguished career in the number 12 jersey for the All Blacks ahead of him. In 1985, Manawatu celebrated a centenary for its club competition and in 1986, the union's centenary. Following the Universities Inter-Island clash of June 21st (won 8-6 by the North) he played for NZU against Auckland at Eden Park three days later, the home side winning by the same scoreline of 8-6, de Cleene coming on to replace injured captain, Neil Cullimore. Since then he had made only consecutive appearances in the Manawatu front row and was nearing the 50 match mark. (born 12 February 1976) is a New Zealand former rugby union player. The team is affiliated with the Hurricanes Super Rugby franchise. The next challenger, Waikato, was but seven days away. Nesdale recalls the closest he ever went to having to leave the park was when Brian Lochore ordered Wairarapa lock, Bob Meadows, deliver a punch to the solar plexus as Nesdale was giving grief to the opposition front row. The union was originally established in 1886, with the National Provincial Championship established in 1976. Introducing the ManawatuAcademy ManawatuRugbyhas been chosen to establish one of the 14 Academies under the auspices of the NZRU. Made his All Black debut playing for Wellington. A police officer, he was on active duty during the 1981 Springbok tour together with playing in the series deciding test at Eden Park, won 2522 by the All Blacks. The sport had been introduced to the area by a few players from Wanganui, who had moved into the region. Prop, 36 year old Kevin Nesdale of the Oroua club, a sheep farmer from the Kimbolton area, had first represented the Manawatu in 1953, but was not a regular choice in his specialist berth until the 1964 season. Current or recent Manawatu players who have played for the Hurricanes: In recent times, Manawatu have also provided players to each of the other New Zealand Super Rugby franchises. Semenoff Stadium Hawkes Bay and Manawatu had first crossed swords on June 20 the same year, when the Bay defeated the team then called Manawatu Country Rugby Football Union by 7-0. He made a further seven appearances for Manawatu and partnered Colin Meads in all three tests against the touring French. Whether you want to learn more about the tournament's most successful teams or understand the sponsorship and format changes, we've filled this page with answers to your Bunnings NPC FAQs. Address. The hatching of this chick took place in a much-publicised pre-match operation, moments before the Manawatu challenge commenced. Read More Senior Learn more about our new head coach . var addy_text62a6ce553bd903bb4542ad3630147be4 = 'info' + '@' + 'manawaturugby' + '.' + 'co' + '.' + 'nz';document.getElementById('cloak62a6ce553bd903bb4542ad3630147be4').innerHTML += ''+addy_text62a6ce553bd903bb4542ad3630147be4+'<\/a>'; Developed, built, hosted and supported locally by Trio Technology. Taula wasn't named in the original Manawatu squad, but was announced in the side for Round 9. A penalty kick was successful and the shield was won by North Auckland. 1967: Wairarapa (14-8), Otago (11-11), Southland (17-3), Wanganui (19-3), Taranaki (22-12). Hawkes Bay's All Black second five-eighth, Ian MacRae scores a vital try just before half-time. In 2005, Manawatu were heavily defeated 6109 by the touring British and Irish Lions at Palmerston North. Later coached an exciting and youthful Manawatu side in the early-90s. an inspiration to Manawatu rugby. In 2009, Central Energy Trust Arena was the venue for a Highlanders home game against the Bulls from South Africa. Manawat has contributed 41 All Blacks including New Zealand's most capped halfback, Aaron Smith along with fellow recent All Blacks Aaron Cruden, Ngani Laumape and Jackson Hemopo. The first defence of the current tenure with the Ranfurly Shield would be against one of the Bays oldest adversaries and south-western neighbour, Manawatu. History of the Manawatu Rugby Team The Manawatu rugby union was formed back in 1886. The Manawatu rugby union includes the following clubs: In New Zealand, to be selected to the All Blacks is the pinnacle of rugby achievement. Building sustainable success is the focus for incoming Turbos head coach Mike Rogers. This article has multiple issues. Instantly recognisable with his long blond hair, headband and beard. In a pre-planned operation, Hawkeye symbol of Hawkes Bay rugby had laid an egg, which was hatched shortly before kick-off. Cullen, Christian Matius, 1976-(2) Dalefield Rugby Football Club (2) Darvill, William . Their next challenge came ten years later, in 1924, where they would lose 315 to Hawke's Bay. They were: Mark Donaldson, Mark Shaw, Geoff Old, Frank Oliver, Gary Knight, Doug Rollerson, Lachie Cameron and Craig Wickes. The Hawkes Bay side took all their built up anxiety, the nervousness and uncertainty on to the field and after only five minutes of their first defence, were down 0-3, courtesy of a penalty goal by the Manawatu centre, Lindsay Meads. Developed, built, hosted and supported locally by Trio Technology. Read on to discover even more about the Manawatu rugby team. Nesdale, Kitchen and McCaskie represented the same combined unions against the Springboks of 1965, along with Frank Thompson, John Tote Rumball and Ray Paewai. In 1887 (although there are conflicting opinions regarding the actual date of composition), the most famous rugby song, On the Ball, was written by the captain of the Palmerston North club, Edward Ted Secker, in admiration of his opposite, Andrew Thompson, the captain of the Fielding side. Was a truck driver during his playing days. All Black selector, Fred Allen, had come to Napier for the Manawatu challenge, specifically to watch Strachan, searching for a lock to partner Colin Meads following the premature retirement of his brother Stan. P. W. Manawatu were also runner-up in 1976 and 1981. From 1963-1966, the trophy had been won by the powerhouse Oroua club (who would claim it again in 1968), but in 1967 the trophy was lifted by Palmerston North High School Old Boys (who also claimed the Licensed Victuallers Cup, for competition between the winners of the Manawatu and Wanganui championships). why is jason ritter in a wheelchair Doug Rollerson's dropped goal secured the famous victory for Manawatu. The dismantling of the Universities pack by their superior Southland counterparts caused a re-think before the clash with the Lions and may have cost him his place in the starting line-up. Manawatu began the new millennium firmly fixed in the second-tier competition. Rugby : statistieken onderlinge duels tussen Moana Pasifika en Waikato Chiefs (Nieuw-Zeeland) Info voor wedden; Jaarkalender; Laatste uitslagen . It was the very first challenge and we had dallied a little long at the Mayfair pub in Hastings. Fans of the team are known as bucketheads because many of them wear plastic garden buckets that have been cut to shape during matches. Played for Manawatu in 1955 before leaving for Canterbury. In 1996 Manawatu and Hawke's Bay merged their teams to form the Central Vikings Rugby Union . Remember to choose the dates you want . The Hawkes Bay players themselves, were feeling the great weight of expectation. The Manawatu rugby union was formed on 17 April 1886 at Palmerston North, with the founding clubs being: Palmerston, Feilding and Foxton. Stewart was attempting to control things, as Ross Brown had done so successfully for Taranaki during their recent era in the mid 60s. Manawat Rugby Union: Home of the Manawat Turbos and Manawat Cyclones. Considerably experienced, Meads from the Bulls club made his first class debut for Wanganui in 1961, a 3-18 loss to the King Country in Taumarunui. Imposing second rower, formed a formidable combination with John Calleson. In 199798 Manawatu entered into an amalgamation with Hawke's Bay, as the "Central Vikings", and wore orange and blue. Coaches appointed for 2022. Manawatu were playing as though they were the holder and this would be to their detriment, for had they attacked more, the result may have been different. [5], 1970s and early 1980s: First division era and Ranfurly shield reign, The period from 1976 to 1983 saw Manawatu as one of the leading New Zealand rugby provinces. It was the first time since 1988 Manawatu had fielded a team in the top grade and unlike the 1980s it was now a professional rugby competition. Also in 2011, Manawatu scored 54 points against Waikato team at Arena Manawatu. His elder brother, Don, made 20 appearances for Manawatu in 1967 and 1968 at second five-eighth or centre. After a solitary match for the Manawatu, he was selected in the New Zealand Universities squad of 22, assembled to face the might of the British Lions. Manawat's undoutbed golden period came in the mid-1970s and early 1980s. One step ahead, the Hawkes Bay Supporters Club members realised that Hawkeye herself, was too cumbersome and difficult to take onto the field as Ferdinand, Leo and Mooloo were all able to run up and down the sideline and entertain the crowd so a scheme was devised whereby the bird should lay an eggthe egg should hatchand out should come a chick! The Manawatu Rugby Team defeated Auckland 12 to 10 on Saturday 21 August 1976, to win the Ranfurly Shield. Thompson had been a Manawatu rep since 1961, making his debut on the last Saturday of that season against Taranaki, Manawatu crashing to an 8-29 home defeat. Manawat Rugby - Turbos and Cyclones | Palmerston North The same forward pack played in 9/12 fixtures, as the same eight had done in being the scrum in 1966 and had developed into an experienced, solid and intelligent pack. Brian Finlay: No. Their full list of honours include:[7][8], Players named in the 2022 Manawatu Turbos squad, who also earned contracts or were named in a squad for any side participating in the 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season.[9][10][11][12][13]. There was a never ending quest to get tickets, which at times created fractious conditions and queue jumping. Although as a team the Bay had performed well below their collective level of expectation, a few recent editions to the squad had all performed well. Manawat won that match 11-0. The wing three-quarter played in all 12 of Manawatus outings in 1967 and gained a berth for himself in the first U23 trial in New Plymouth, but did not make the New Zealand Juniors. That margin proved to be important, as throughout the second half, Manawatu continued to dominate possession and press the Bay defence, with Stewart still opting to kick often. The imposing lock forward captained Manawatu in 1962 before coaching Kia Toa. A welcome recruit from Southland in 1979, one year after being a member of the All Blacks historic Grand Slam winning tour of the UK and Ireland. Manawats first representative fixture was played against a Wanganui XV in July 1886 with the score ending 0-0. In 1892, the MRU, amongst other unions, was instrumental in the founding of the New Zealand Rugby Union (NZRU). Carrying the shield are the captain Duncan Hales (left) and Mark Wright. Manawatu (200203); Moved to Taranaki before making All Black debut. Tony's Tyre Service As new clubs continued to form in the region in the 1880s, the Manawat Rugby Union was formed in 1886 to administor the game. Lindsay Meads played just once for Wanganui in 1966 and after transferring to the Manawatu and playing for the powerful Oroua side, his early season club form in 1967 warranted a call up to the representative team, where Jack Gleeson had given him the nod over the incumbent at centre, John Lundy. Brian had taken a while to affirm his position in the front row, but from 1965 onward had been the regular first choice at hooker. Manawatu: Ray Paewai (Massey University), Mick OCallaghan (Massey University), Lindsay Meads (Oroua), Rex Kitchen (Fielding), Donald Kitchen (Fielding), Cam Stewart (Palmerston North, Marist BOB), Don McCaskie (Oroua) captain, Alan Cornelius (Palmerston North HSOB), Ron de Cleene (Massey University), Sam Strahan (Oroua), Francis Thompson (Oroua), John Tote Rumball (Massey University), Kevin Nesdale (Oroua), Brian Kitchen (Fielding), Doug Knight (Oroua), Referee: JPG (John) Pring (Auckland) Crowd: 21,500 (7/22) Net profit to HBRFU: $8,424.76, It was over 30 years since the shield had been in the province and everyone, administrators included, had to find out how things should be done. Played his last game for Manawatu in 1992, before moving to Auckland. A year later, having switched to the Hunterville club, Meads played in all but one of Wanganuis 13 fixtures, including another unsuccessful shield challenge (9-23), in which he scored one of his sides tries and added a penalty goal. Feilding Old Boys-Oroua is an amalgamation of the Feilding Old Boys and Oroua Rugby Clubs, High School Old Boys-Marist was an amalgamation of the High School Old Boys (HSOB) and Marist Rugby Clubs. Politically 'left of centre' he was a 'conscientious objector' during World War One. The following year he made a fine All Black debut, in the deciding test against the Lions at Eden Park, which the All Blacks won 3013. He was soon recognized as an outstanding side-ranker, strong and fit, who enjoyed the open aspects of his position, adept in any of the loose forward roles. A week later he was in the Wanganui side beaten 0-14 by the touring Australians. 2022 v 7:05 (UTC) v rmci turnaje National Provincial Championship - Rugby Union. Te Whakamahi i tnei Pae Ipurangi / Using the Site, https://dtq0471jmmy9v.cloudfront.net/iiif/2/curtis-production2-cache%2F1%2Fd%2Fd%2F295c54-f76b-4379-8813-e0097ceaae11%2Fresize_master_f160196491c8879baccc3a66eb05d51f.jpg/full/!880,1024/0/default.jpg?sig=6958de8858f117dea1a521e8939ebd0da6c4db27&ver=1628646717, Manawatu Rugby Team arriving at Milson Airport with the Ranfurly Shield. The 43-year-old. Manawatu (often known as the Manawatu Turbos) are a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Palmerston North, New Zealand. The Ranfurly Shield has only been won by the Manawatu team once, though is was successfully defended 13 times. Played the 3rd test of that tour. Rugby League Rugby Union Snooker Tennis. Manawatu, based in the second division, was reduced to a 'feeder' role, losing players to other unions.[6]. In moving to Palmerston North he linked up with the Massey University club. The Cyclones began with a bye. Stewart, considered by many to be unlucky not to have been chosen to represent his country, moved to the Manawatu in 1965, having largely kept his under-study, Neil Wolfe, out of the Wellington side, but then watched on playing second fiddle as Wolfe made the All Blacks in 1961 for the series against the French. One of world rugby's most talented and entertaining fullbacks of any era. Mafile'o wasn't named in the original Manawatu squad, but was announced in the side for the second game in Round 1. Everything you need to know about Manawatu's Junior Rugby including this weeks draw and recent results. Was a Wellingtonian for most of his All Black career. Junior level rugby only is played in Manawatu; Senior level has returned to Wairarapa-Bush Rugby Union. The aim of this Academy is to provide knowledge, support and guidance to promising young rugby players so that they can be the best they can be in both the rugby environment and life outside rugby. The official page of the Manawat Rugby Union. The 2019 Heartland Championship known as the 2019 Mitre 10 Heartland Championship for sponsorship reasons1 was the 14th edition of the Heartland Today, the Manawatu rugby team competes in the championship division of the competition and they play their home games at Central Energy Trust Arena, which has a capacity of 18,000. Ironically, the Manawatu side had a reputation for their concerts exceeding their rugby ability. In 2006, however, Manawatu did not win a game in the competition, which saw the team play against the likes of Auckland, Wellington and Otago. Looking ahead to the shield campaign, the writers take a closer look at Hepa Paewai. [2] In 1996, a jersey including red was worn, and colors worn have varied since the union was formed.

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