It is popular in many countries and is prepared in various forms as a sweet snack that can be homemade or purchased in bakeries, supermarkets, food stalls, and franchised specialty vendors. Don't worry, Long Johns have nothing to do with Long John Silver's and aren't made out of oily fish fillets. Let us know onFacebook,TwitterandInstagram! Times and taste buds have changed since the army sent donuts to soldiers on the Western Front of WWI because they were an ingredient-efficient, quick-to-consume snack. Cake donuts are a nostalgic, Americana breakfast item. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. We clarify the niches and distinctions between cruller varieties below. A French Cruller* has a soft, airy texture with a pleasant light egg-like flavor. He just seems obviously better than everyone else except Giuseppe. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The "Aberdeen crulla" is a traditional Scottish pastry made in the same way as the rectangular, plaited cruller of New England. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. However, a "French cruller" is a fluted, ring-shaped doughnut made from choux pastry with a light airy texture. There was a problem submitting the request, please try again. Spudnuts are typically yeast-raised, and they are a moist, fluffy alternative to chewy, all-flour donuts. 2023. Other cultures have their own fried, bite-size round donuts that fall under the donut hole category but hardly resemble American varieties. Dip each doughnut in the glaze, shake to get rid of any excess and transfer to a plate to dry. What is the difference between Chouxnut and a cruller? a precursor to baking powder, became widely available. Use a chopstick to poke 2-3 holes at the sides of the doughnut, push the nozzle through each hole and pipe the filling. The cruller has been described as resembling "a small, braided torpedo". Please enable Javascript in order to access all the functionality of this web site. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Marble-Frosted Donut. No matter what you call oblong donuts in your neck of the woods, these are the fillings and flavors best suited to these plus-sized fried treats. If the dough is still very wet in the inside they can deflate. Spudnuts is an affectionate nickname for donuts that have their flour content reduced by mashed potatoes or potato starch. [1] Some other cruller styles are made of a denser dough somewhat like that of a cake doughnut formed in a small loaf or stick shape, but not always twisted. chocolate bar, maple filled bar, etc.). A cruller is a general term for a fried pastry that has a twisted shape. However, cake donuts can vary in taste slightly depending on the flavor (Chocolate, Old Fashioned, Blueberry, Sour Cream). Jelly Doughnut These classic doughnuts are typically round without a hole in the middle, and generally leavened with yeast. ' Please enter a valid email and try again. intel director salary. The shape of a proper French Cruller should resemble a golden brown pinwheel. The amount of moisture in the batter is what leavens these donuts instead of chemical leavening or yeast. [2][4] The term cruller is also associated with the mahua (Chinese: ). Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; A deep-fried piece of dough or batter, commonly of a toroidal (a. What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? Fry for 2-3 minutes on each side. Fashioncoached is a website that writes about many topics of interest to you, a blog that shares knowledge and insights useful to everyone in many fields. It is cooked twice: first over the stove/ hob, then oven baked, or deep fried in this case. Just tried making these but when they came out of the oil they quickly deflated and ended up flat What do you think could be the reason? Enter two words to compare and contrast their definitions, origins, and synonyms to better understand how those words are related. All those crevices, once fried, will make the chouxnut more crispy. Crumpets have been variously described as originating in Wales or as part of the Anglo-Saxon diet, based on proposed etymologies of the word. Reviews: 85% of readers found this page helpful, Address: 2113 Abernathy Knoll, New Tamerafurt, CT 66893-2169, Hobby: Machining, Pottery, Rafting, Cosplaying, Jogging, Taekwondo, Scouting. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In place of the traditional cruller, Dunkin' Donuts now sells several variations of a substitute product it calls a "cake stick" which is a simplified, machine-made rectangular version of the elaborately twisted, hand-made variety. For Confectioners' Sugar Glaze. Terms of Use is that doughnut is a deep-fried piece of dough or batter, commonly of a toroidal (a ring doughnut ) often mixed with various sweeteners and flavourings; or flattened sphere (a filled doughnut) shape filled with jam, custard or cream while cruller is (us) a donut / doughnut in the form of a twisted ring. Follow this step-by-step tutorial for how to make French cruller donuts!. After the product has cooled, it is sponge-like and tender to the touch. This site requires Javascript in order to view all its features. donut [ doh-n uht, -nuht ] show ipa noun a variant of doughnut. If you don't have a special filling nozzle, you can improvise with a plastic or metal straw, or any type of small metal tube. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. When ready, spoon the mixture into a piping bag fitted with a filler nozzle. OB Donut's has French crullers. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Choux pastry is very easy to make. Who wrote the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots? Move the cooked donuts to a cooling rack set over a sheet pan to drain. It is so delicate and light and truly makes for the most special of doughnuts. Simply sprinkle with powdered sugar or dip in a powdered sugar glaze. Why do restaurant burgers taste better than homemade? When companies discuss sustainability Why is the focus on carbon dioxide co2 )? Batter and dough are to a commercial kitchen what liquor and seltzer are to a cocktail loungeessential. Use these links to learn more about pectin vs gelatin: What Is Pectin? We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Design by Purr. Dunkin' describes it as having an "egg-like" flavor, per the website. Is sleeping in your car illegal in Maryland? This doughnut has a unique, twisted shape that may be rectangular or circular. Dip the donuts in the glaze, flipping to coat, and move them back to the cooling rack. A cruller is a pastry made of a light dough that is twisted and deep-fried. While the term chouxnut is fairly new, these fried pastries have long been known as French crullers, yet they are not French in origin at all. Chouxnut is reminiscent of other massively popular hybrid pastries such as the cronut and the cruffin. These donuts result in a crispy outside and a nearly hallow inside. Crullers (sometimes also called chouxnuts), are much lighter and more delicate than the traditional doughnuts. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Required fields are marked *. The doughnuts have since found an early following of sweet-toothed fans. 3. A simple, 1 stick (1/2 cup, 4 oz, 113 gr) unsalted butter, cut into pieces, 1 cup (4.25 oz, 119 grams) all-purpose flour, oil for frying (canola, peanut, vegetable, or avocado oil), 2 cups (9 oz, 252 gr) powdered, confectioners, or icing sugar. Danish: A Danish pastry is a piece of dough that's filled with cream, fruit, nuts, cheese, or custard and is then fried. A cake donuts sturdier crumb structure (as compared to a yeast donut) makes it the ideal vessel for heavy frostings and gourmet toppings. When frying you always want to use a mild flavored oil with a high smoke point. The German Spritzkuchen is very similar, while the Dutch and Belgian sprits is baked instead of being fried. It can if you get the French cruller. makes a hybrid jelly/cream creation called a peach split in which a round yeasted doughnut is split and then filled with fresh diced. 14. This will prevent the forming of the 'custard skin'. Get creative: try ricotta with blueberries and honey or even a caramel sauce with berries. Choux pastry uses eggs and steam as the only leavening agent. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. A cruller () is a deep-fried pastry like a doughnut popular in the US and Canada often made from a rectangle of dough with a cut made in the middle that allows it to be pulled over and through itself, producing twists in the sides of the pastry. For Author & Punisher album, see. A cream doughnut is simply a cake or yeasted doughnut filled with cream, which is typically a pastry cream (thickened with eggs) or American pudding (thickened with cornstarch) and often. Prepare a sheet of non stick baking parchment, spray it with a cooking spray or brush a thin layer of oil on the surface. Remove from the heat and beat in the flour all at once with a wooden spoon. All Rights Reserved. The latest in food culture, cooking, and more. The bigger the pan, the easier it will be to control the temperature, but you will need to use more oil. A French Cruller is a donut made from traditional Pate a Choux batter. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Step 2: Add the vanilla and then the eggs one at a time and beat well after each addition until the dough is elastic and shiny. At its most basic, a chouxnut is an clair that has been piped into a ring shape and fried until perfectly golden before being filled, glazed, and/or rolled in sugar. Preheat oven to 180C / 350F / 160C fan forced. What does it mean when a man wears a black ring? I suspect your oil was too hot. Let it fry for about a minute and then use tongs to gently release the donut from the parchment paper and remove the parchment from the oil. Long Johns. The cruller has been described as resembling "a small, braided torpedo". Each French cruller from Dunkin' only has 220 calories and 10 grams of sugar. What is the difference between a doughnut and a Chouxnut? Deep-frying can be scary the first time you try it, but it doesnt require any special equipment like a deep fryer. Take of the heat and immediately transfer onto a flat baking sheet lined with non-stick baking parchment. The bigger the piping nozzle, the bigger the chouxnut will be. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Beat until the mixture becomes a ball and comes away from the pan. By the early 1900s, doughnuts were a common snack across the country. "Right now there is a shortage of an ingredient that they put into the dough so they can't make any French cruller dough for the time being," one person said. calderdale council business grants. Hopefully I can do it right the first time and not mess up the choux pastry dough <3333. Whisk all ingredients in a separate bowl until all lumps are dissolved. As well as iced gingerbreads and amazing tasty doughnuts including Jam and more flavours. Because of their density, chemically leavened donuts must have their filling layered into their dough/batter before theyre cooked; a process that mirrors the steps you would take to stuff a brownie. Whisk powdered sugar and 2 tbs water until there are no lumps. Also sometimes called a French cruller. We can only reply to comments that include an email address. Cake Doughnuts. mary steenburgen photographic memory. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Get the instructions and video for the choux dough HERE (just ignore the pizza part, haha) Method Preheat your oven to 375 degrees and Grease a nonstick donut pan like THIS Wilton one (It really is best if it is non-stick, I don't worry about it because it's not like we eat donuts every day. French crullers are made with the classic pastry batter called choux pastry (also known as pate a choux). Well explain the differences between batters and doughs, what dough and batter are, and break down the main dough and batter categories. However, other regions have their own preferred titles. To stay up to date on all things Dunkin, sign up for our email news alerts atnews.dunkindonuts.com/alerts. Because they have an airy structure, the donuts will float. Mmmm So it turns out that both of these spellings are correct. Introduction: My name is Margart Wisoky, I am a gorgeous, shiny, successful, beautiful, adventurous, excited, pleasant person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you. Back to Top 2. Almonds, pecans and walnuts can be used with the skin on as it's much thinner than hazelnuts. [6] It is first attested in Edinburgh in 1829 and is thought to copied from the 'cruller' of the United States according to the Scottish National Dictionary (19311976). Hi David, thanks for sharing! Our Cake Donut has a crisp outer edge with a tender inside. For example, the Old Fashioned Cake Donut has a mild vanilla flavor with a slight nutmeg finish. Using a slotted spoon, lower a piece of parchment paper with a piped donut into the hot oil. Long Johns are coated in a glaze or icing, and you can fill them with custard, pudding, or creme. Then, add half the egg mixture to the dough and if the dough isn't ready, add more egg. Without advertising income, we can't keep making this site awesome for you. Jam / Preserves: Jams and preserves are lovely on crumpets and any flavour works. I gave these a shot last weekend but they didnt turn out too great unfortunately. RECIPE: Espresso Chouxnut Glaze. A little chocolate, a little vanillaa whole lotta sweet, if you're into that kinda thing. Compared to its original glazed and sprinkled counterparts, it has a smaller but just as devoted following. Unlike traditional doughnuts, chouxnuts are light and airy inside and very crispy on the outside. 5 Jun. Transfer the choux pastry to a piping bag fit with a. They can be filled with a variety of fillings or just glazed, and since the actual dough doesn't have any sugar, all the flavour comes from filling and/or glaze. Preheat oven to 450F. Then you can pull them and fry them from frozen the day you want to serve them. But the real reason it's not a doughnut, is because it's straight, not round with a hole in it. The Dunkin' and Baskin-Robbins trademarks,trade names, designs, logos, service marks, and related marks are registered trademarks of DD IP Holder LLC and BR IP Holder LLC, respectively. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Technically, the most renowned version of the cruller, the French cruller, is a fried pastry. Just another site. What is a stock cooperative in Laguna Woods? They even have types of cruellers I've never heard of, like a coconut crueller. You can fill chemically leavened donuts, but its far more labor-intensive. Just an hour of work is rewarded with an irresistible, fresh pastry. gabriel iglesias volkswagen collection. No one is more popular than the person handing out doughnutsexcept, perhaps, the person handing out chouxnuts. Theyre known for their porous structures and melt-in-your-mouth consistencies produced by the yeast and the air incorporated when theyre mixed. After World War II ended, veterans opened some of the first doughnut shops on American soil. cruller donut vs chouxnutokinawan sweet potato tempura recipe. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Location: 58 Pearl Street, Essex Junction. Melt the butter and the water together in a 20cm saucepan until they boil. First you have to measure out the flour and keep it in a separate bowl. What is the difference between a doughnut and a Chouxnut? Modern patrons will pay extra for fusion donuts that merge their favorite desserts into one, offer elaborate presentations, and deliver complex flavors. (US) A donut / doughnut in the form of a twisted ring. By definition, donuts are small, fried, sweetened dough cakes, typically shaped into a ring or ball. Whether you operate a bakery, pizzeria, or Japanese restaurant, you use a variety of batters and doughs each day. Follow this step-by-step tutorial for how to make French cruller donuts!Pin it for Later . financial planning companies in bangalore Search. 6. Make a small hole in each of the chouxnuts then insert the filler nozzle and fill them with the desired amount of crme patissire, being careful not to overfill or they'll burst. Choux pastry dough rises and becomes incredibly airy when fried, which is why these doughnuts have such delicate and light. Use whole nuts, slivers, flakes or chopped pieces. Bucatini with Sardines & Caramelized Fennel, certain categories of personal information, discloses, sells, or shares certain personal information. Is a cruller the same as a Chouxnut? But the French Cruller is generally ring-shaped. 350ML MILK (WHOLE MILK IS BEST, BUT SKIMMED WILL WORK ALSO), 100G NUTS (HAZELNUTS, ALMONDS, PEANUTS OR MIXED). 10 Ways to Deliver Consistently Great Customer Service - Help Scout. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Over the years we have expanded our selection of commercial equipment and wholesale supplies to include healthcare, educational, food, beverage, office, parts, hotel, shipping, and industrial supplies. a rich, light, raised doughnut, often with a ridged surface and sometimes topped with white icing. Notify me via e-mail if anyone answers my comment. Share it with us! A subset, the old-fashioned doughnut, always has a cracked, craggy surface, and in the most classic versions the sides splay out like the petals of a flower. If you have a deep fat fryer at home, it's a good time to take it out., as it will be much easier to use than a regular pan. Manage Settings Save a little bit to test the oil temperature. Batter Definition Dough Definition Leavening Explained Laminated Dough Definition Difference Between Batter and Dough The difference between ba, Dough Conditioner: What It Is and How to Use It, One of the challenges you may encounter if youre looking to start a bakery is achieving consistency between your products. Honey: Honey is an absolute classic crumpet topping. Off the heat, add the eggs into the mixture and stir until each egg has completely absorbed into the batter before adding the next. However, they are two completely different substances. Get Dunkin stories and news delivered to your inbox. This fancy treat needs a fancy friend to pair with it. Did Dunkin Donuts get rid of French Crullers? Spread the creme over a large plate and cover with cling film while still hot. Shapes matter in food. Cook the liquid over medium heat and stir continuously until it begins to thicken. You can also use a pastry brush to help distribute the glaze evenly. Italian doughnuts, French doughnuts, Spanish doughnuts, nest doughnuts or crullers. Dissolve sugar in a heavy bottomed pan, cook until caramel reaches to 160-170C and turns dark brown. Other subsections of doughnuts, including cider doughnuts and old-fashioneds, fall entirely within the cake doughnut territory. These donuts take about 12-15 minutes to create from start to finish. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The freshest news from the food world every day, By submitting your email, you agree to our, Everything You Need to Know About the Great American Doughnut, contains a recipe for a sweet fried fritter; by 1802, a recipe for a "Dough Nut" appeared in the book, s hole is still up for debate. In 1909, a US author published her belief that crullers were invented in the New World in 1617 by Sebastian Croll; according to her, this was due to the perceived similarity of the names. Crumpet toppings Butter: Always start with a good lashing of butter. Does Dunkin Donuts have French crullers? Once the dough is cold, transfer it to a bowl and use a hand mixer or a stand mixer to incorporate eggs. You want the cling film to touch the mixture. It is a three-hour process from start to finish and worth every minute! They are traditionally baked on New Year's Eve as a family project, with the kids doing the labor-intensive shaping and the grown-ups handling the deep fat frying. The Cake Donut is a symmetrical, round donut that is golden brown in color, with a center hole that is about the size of a dime. Do you think I just didnt cook them long enough (despite seeing the dark outside)? The abbreviated term donut is easier to market, list on menus, and fit onto signage, making it the preferred spelling for commercial donut shop branding. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Flour and Stone is a tiny bakery, that's bursting with classic treats and pastries. Get our freshest features and recipes weekly. Whether youre canning fruit preserves or making yogurt in-house, keep reading to learn more about each type of food-thickening agent and how to use it. A donut and a cruller are both delicious treats, but they have some key differences. There are a few ways to make it and the one I'm using ensures smooth and lump free texture. Sprinkle the glaze with chopped nuts, small pieces of toffee or chocolate. Getting the texture of choux batter just right is the key to light and pillowy chouxnuts; it should be firm enough to hold its shape when piped, but loose enough to fall off a spatula in a thick ribbon. It is customarily glazed prior to being enjoyed, which adds a slight sweetness to this deliciousness. Although wedropped donuts from our name, here at Dunkin we are still very dedicated to our donuts. It is so delicate and light and truly makes for the most special of doughnuts. Mmmm So it turns out that both of these spellings are correct. Try this Cruller Recipe: French . They are traditionally served with just a light coating of plain glaze, but in recent years, trendsetting bakeries like Choux bakery in San Francisco and the now shuttered Bijou Choux in London gave new life to the classic treat, upgrading them to include rich fillings and colorful toppings with a new name to match. It turns out that crueller is the proper spelling in Pennsylvania Dutch country. Crullers (sometimes also called chouxnuts), are much lighter and more delicate than the traditional doughnuts. Then, combine water, butter and salt in a saucepan and heat it up until butter melts and the whole mixture starts to boil. But, French Crullers are lovely fluted, ring-shaped doughnuts made from Choux Pastry {pte choux} that's fried and then dipped in a sweet glaze. How can I check traffic fine without Absher? Here are the. There are 177 calories in 1 medium Cruller. This takes a little arm work to get it all mixed in. Line 2 large baking sheets with baking paper. [14] In the southeastern U.S., French crullers are a fresh-baked everyday bakery item at Publix grocery stores. Whtever the name, they are all made with a choux dough, the same dough used to make eclairs and profiteroles, but instead of baked they are fried. As the public grows increasingly health-conscious, the foodservice industry has shifted towards wholesome ingredients, plant-based alternatives, and lightened versions of classic comfort foods. So yummy and you had me at praline! It there is, it is dried out enough. Can I take my dog in target in a stroller? Chouxnuts got their name from choux [pronounced: shoo] pastry, although they have many more names and many different origins. What country do crumpets originally come from? Fry for about 2-3 more minutes. After the product has cooled, it is sponge-like and tender to the touch. Can I use my bus pass on Park and Ride Winchester? Basically a churro is made with the same type of batter as a cream puff or eclair or a French Cruller doughnut. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The dough is usually twisted into a cylindrical shape, and is often glazed or topped with a variety of sweet confections. pastor tom mount olive baptist church text messages / london drugs broadway and vine / cruller donut vs chouxnut. Place a cruller, still on its parchment paper with paper side up, onto a slotted spoon and lower it into the oil. Place oil in a heavy-bottom sauce pan 2 to 3 inches deep and heat to 370. I think we'd have bigger fish to fry if we did, haha!) [citation needed] In Danish they are known as klejner and in Swedish as klenter, both names deriving from Low German. Apple-Crumb Donut. Choux pastry is very easy to make. This dough is used to make profiteroles, eclairs, gougeres, and French crullers! [7] Distinct from this, the "yum-yum" is a commonly available treat in Scotland, which resembles a straightened French cruller coated in thin glac icing. Why did Dunkin stop making French crullers? Pass it through a sieve (directly into a non-stick pan). Flatten the mixture to the bottom of the pan and return it to medium heat. Immediately remove from the heat, add all the flour . You can classify the many cultural and regional donut varieties within one of 10 distinct types. Once you've added your 3rd egg and incorporated it, you have to add another egg more carefully. Dunkin' definitely nailed the apple . [9], Crullers are most commonly found in Canada, New England, the Mid-Atlantic and North Central states of the United States, but are also common in California. Crumpets are usually baked on a griddle and served toasted. yorba linda football maxpreps; weiteste entfernung gerichtsbezirk; wyoming rockhounding locations google maps; Crullers (sometimes also called chouxnuts), are much lighter and more delicate than the traditional doughnuts. Once frozen, transfer the shaped batter into a freezer ziplock bag. To simplify the ordeal of deep-frying, the trick is to work in batches with a smaller saucepan (23 quarts in size). , writer Andrew Pipanne notes that the servicewomen who served soldiers fresh fritters were known as Doughnut Dollies. What is the difference between a cruller and a donut? These donuts take about 12-15 minutes to create from start to finish. Add nuts and pulverise. A little bit like churros. It not, heat longer until a film forms. raul peralez san jose democrat or republican. The pastry puffs up when fried, leaving large pockets inside that beg to be filled with custards and creams. French cruller donut is a doughnut made with choux pastry, also known as pte choux. While you may know you should whisk batter and proof dough , you may not understand exactly what dough and batter are or how theyre unique. Add the flour and beat with a wooden spoon until combined. Once cooked, remove your yeast-raised donuts and add the topping and/or filling of your choice. Pectin is a water-soluble fiber found in most fruits and plants, and gelatin is a protein chefs capture by boiling animal skin, tendons, ligaments, or bones in water. apartments for rent on north avenue. Other Comparisons: What's the difference? Crullers are Speedy Donut's best dish. By 1870 doughnut cutters shaped in two concentric circles, one smaller than the other, began to appear in home-shopping catalogues. I wached the bakers fill their creations with creams and custards made of passion fruit, yuzu, and caramel, and I suddenly found myself in the kitchen, whipping up a batch for myself. Luxuriously eggy, yellow enough to almost be a trompe l'oeil for a timbale of scrambled eggs, moist within and croissant-crisp at their swirled edges, they are at once rich and featherweight, tremendously satisfying and yet easy to eat by twos and fours and sixes. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; additional terms may apply.See Wiktionary Terms of Use for details. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Choose your nuts, either one type or a mix of different ones. You can make the type of donut holes sold at American donut shops by forming small, yeast-raised dough balls (usually made from the discarded center of a ring-shaped donut), frying them, and adding the desired glazing/topping. The Western region classifies them by the name of their icing/filling plus the word bar (ex. (US) A donut / doughnut in the form of a twisted ring. In 1973, the French cruller became available in Mister Donut stores in Japan.[15]. Traditional Crullers are fried rectangles of dough twisted into a sort of braided torpedo. What country do crumpets originally come from? Our fast shipping, low prices, and outstanding customer service make WebstaurantStore the best choice to meet all of your professional and food service supply needs. In contrast, homemade doughnuts take well over three hours to produce, as most yeasted doughs require two separate rises in addition to time spent mixing, kneading, and shaping.